What is the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
System.Objects
What is an abstract class?
The abstract modifier can be used with classes, methods, properties, indexers, and events.
Use the abstract modifier in a class declaration to indicate that a class is intended only to be a base class of other classes.
Abstract classes have the following features:
An abstract class cannot be instantiated.
An abstract class may contain abstract methods and accessors.
It is not possible to modify an abstract class with the sealed modifier, which means that the class cannot be inherited.
A non-abstract class derived from an abstract class must include actual implementations of all inherited abstract methods and accessors.
Use the abstract modifier in a method or property declaration to indicate that the method or property does not contain implementation.
Abstract methods have the following features:
An abstract method is implicitly a virtual method.
Abstract method declarations are only permitted in abstract classes.
Because an abstract method declaration provides no actual implementation, there is no method body; the method declaration simply ends with a semicolon and there are no braces ({ }) following the signature. For example:
public abstract void MyMethod();
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abstract class is a prototype of a class. it is used to provide partial
class implementation. abstract class contain abstract method which can be implemented by derived class.
some rules for abstract class are following-:
1) an object of an abstract class can never be created.
2)you can not declare an abstract method outside the abstract class.
3)can not be declared sealed.
WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF SERIALIZATION?
Serialization is the process of maintaing object in the form stream. it is useful in case of remoting.
Serialization is the process of converting object into byte stream which is useful to transport object(i.e remoting),persisting object(i.e files,database)
SERIALIZATION IS PROCESS OF LOADING THE OBJECT STATE IN THE FORM OF BYTE STREAMS IN DATABASE/FILE SYATEM.
Can we inherit the java class in C# class,how?
Java Programming language is not supported with .Net Framework hence you cannot inherit javaclass in C# class.Also Java has JavaByte code after compiling similar to MSIL which is similar but cannot inherit due to framework support.
Are C# destructors the same as C++ destructors?
No. They look the same but they are very different. The C# destructor syntax (with the familiar ~ character) is just syntactic sugar for an override of the System.Object Finalize method. This Finalize method is called by the garbage collector when it determines that an object is no longer referenced, before it frees the memory associated with the object. So far this sounds like a C++ destructor. The difference is that the garbage collector makes no guarantees about when this procedure happens. Indeed, the algorithm employed by the CLR garbage collector means that it may be a long time after the application has finished with the object. This lack of certainty is often termed ‘non-deterministic finalization’, and it means that C# destructors are not suitable for releasing scarce resources such as database connections, file handles etc.
To achieve deterministic destruction, a class must offer a method to be used for the purpose. The standard approach is for the class to implement the IDisposable interface. The user of the object must call the Dispose() method when it has finished with the object. C# offers the ‘using’ construct to make this easier.
What is wrapper class? is it available in c#?
Wrapper Classes are the classes that wrap up the primitive values in to a class that offer utility method to access it . For eg you can store list of int values in a vector class and access the class. Also the methods are static and hence you can use them without creating an instance . The values are immutable .
wrapper class are those class in which we can not define and call all predefined function .it is possible in java not C#.
Which tool is used to browse the classes, structs, interfaces etc. in the BCL?
wincv as in Windows Class View
How is the using() pattern useful? What is IDisposable? How does it support deterministic finalization?
The using() pattern is useful because it ensures that Dispose() will always be called when a disposable object (defined as one that implements IDisposable, and thus the Dispose() method) goes out of scope, even if it does so by an exception being thrown, and thus that resources are always released.
What happens when a C# project has more than 1 Main methods
f the project is compiled using /main switch with the compiler then the project compiles successfully.
For example:
class A
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Main in class A");
}
}
class B
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Main in class B");
}
}
Now compile with the /main switch with the C# compiler like
csc MultipleMain.cs /main:A
This will compile without error and while executing it will show Main in class A
Attempting to compile an application consisting of multiple classes with defined Main methods and not specifying the /main switch will result in a compiler error.
How do you refer parent classes in C#? A) Super B) This C) Base
This keyword is used for reffering current object and Base keyword is used for referring parrent class. so ans. is C.
Super: Super is used to Refer the Base Class in JAVA
This: This is used to Refer the Current or Child Class in C#
Base: Base is used to Refer The Parent or Base Class
What is object pooling
Defination: A performance optimization based on using collections of pre-allocated resources, such as objects or database connections
With the advent of the .NET platform, writing code that pools objects and threads has become a simple task. By using the Threading and Collections namespaces, you can create robust object pooling applications. This could also be done by implementing COM+ interop interfaces into your code.
Which method is actually called ultimately when Console.WriteLine( ) is invoked?
A) Append( )
B) AppendFormat( )
C) Tostring( )
Ans: B, AppendFormat() method is called.
What is an Assembly?
An assembly is a file that is automatically generated by the compiler upon successful compilation of every .NET application. It can be either a Dynamic Link Library or an executable file. It is generated only once for an application and upon each subsequent compilation the assembly gets updated. The entire process will run in the background of your application; there is no need for you to learn deeply about assemblies. However, a basic knowledge about this topic will help you to understand the architecture behind a .NET application.
An assembly is used by the .NET CLR (Common Language Runtime) as the smallest unit for: deployment; version control; security; type grouping and code reuse. Assemblies consists of a manifest and one or more modules and/or files like HTML, XML, images, video clips,...
An assembly can be thought of as a logical DLL and must contain a single manifest and may optionally contain type meta data, MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) and resources.
Assemblies come in 2 flavors: application private and shared. Application private assemblies are used by one application only. This is the default style of assembly. Such assemblies must reside in the application folder.
Shared assemblies are meant to be used by more than one application. They must have a
globally unique name and must be defined in the GAC (Global Assembly Cache). To learn more about viewing the GAC
Basically there are two kind of assemblies when it comes to deployment.
Private Assemblies
Shared Assemblies
Private assemblies are the ones which are in your application folder itself. They can be easily and uniquely identified by their name.
These type of assemblies can be deployed simply by copying them to the bin folder of your application.
Shared Assemblies are those which can be shared by multiple applications on the machine.
For this we have to place the Shared assembly in the GAC.
Now since we can install any application or assembly created by any company, that is we install assemblies from oracle, microsoft and similarly from many other companies.
There is always a possiblity that they may use the same assembly name as your assembly name.
If such type of assemblies are placed in the GAC then we cannot uniquely identify a particular assembly.But if we give a strong name to the assmebly then it is like a unique identifier for the assembly.It is Globally unique.
Strong name consists of
1. Name of the assembly
2. Public key token
3. optionally any resources
4. Version Number
So basically to uniquely identify a particular assembly from the GAC we have to give it a strong name. Its that simple.
The Shared assembly can be deployed in to GAC by using the GACUTIL tool with the -i switch
gacutil -i assemblyname
or simply copying it to the assembly folder in the windows directory (XP) or WINNT directory(others)
Also there are Satellite Assemblies which contian only resources like strings, images etc.
Also there are dynamic assemblies which are generated on the fly dynamically.
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